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5.1.1 S7-300編程方式簡介
S7-300系列PLC的編程語言是STEP 7。STEP 7繼承了STEP 5語言結構化程序設計的優(yōu)點,用文件塊的形式管理用戶編寫的程序及程序運行所需的數(shù)據(jù)。如果這些文件塊是子程序,則可以通過調(diào)用語句,將它們組成結構化的用戶程序。這樣,PLC的程序組織明確,結構清晰,易于修改。
為支持結構化程序設計,STEP 7用戶程序通常由組織塊(OB)、功能塊(FB)或功能塊(FC)等三種類型的邏輯塊和數(shù)據(jù)塊(DB)組成。
組織塊(OB)是系統(tǒng)操作程序與用戶應用程序在各種條件下的接口界面,用于控制程序的運行。OB塊根據(jù)操作系統(tǒng)調(diào)用的條件(如時間中斷、報警中斷等)可分成幾種類型,這些類型有不同的優(yōu)先級,高優(yōu)先級的OB可以中斷低優(yōu)先級的OB。每個S7 CPU包含一套可編程的OB塊(隨CPU而不同),不同的OB塊執(zhí)行特定的功能。
OB1是主程序循環(huán)塊,在任何情況下,它都是需要的。根據(jù)過程控制的復雜程度,可將所有程序放入OB1中進行線性編程,或將程序用不同的邏輯塊加以結構化,通過OB1調(diào)用這些邏輯塊,并允許塊間的相互調(diào)用。塊的調(diào)用指令中止當前塊(調(diào)用塊)的運行調(diào)用,然后執(zhí)行被調(diào)用塊的所有指令。一旦被調(diào)用的塊被完成,執(zhí)行調(diào)用指令的塊繼續(xù)執(zhí)行調(diào)用指令后的指令。調(diào)用塊可以是任何邏輯塊,被調(diào)用塊只能是功能塊(除OB外的邏輯塊)。圖5.1所示是一個STEP 7調(diào)用實例。除了OB1,操作系統(tǒng)可以調(diào)用其它的OB塊以響應確定事件。其它可用的OB塊隨所用的CPU性能和控制過程的要求而定。
功能塊(FB、FC)實際上是用戶子程序,分為帶“記憶”的功能塊FB和不帶“記憶”的功能塊FC。前者有一個數(shù)據(jù)結構與該功能塊的參數(shù)表完全相同的數(shù)據(jù)塊(DB)附屬于該功能塊,并隨功能塊的調(diào)用而打開,隨功能塊的結束而關閉。該附屬數(shù)據(jù)塊叫做背景數(shù)據(jù)塊(Instance Data Block),存放在背景數(shù)據(jù)塊中的數(shù)據(jù)在FB塊結束時繼續(xù)保持,即被“記憶”。功能塊FC沒有背景數(shù)據(jù)塊,當FC完成操作后數(shù)據(jù)不能保持。
數(shù)據(jù)塊(DB)是用戶定義的用于存取數(shù)據(jù)的存儲區(qū),可以被打開或關閉。DB可以是屬于某個FB的情景數(shù)據(jù)塊,也可以是通用的全局數(shù)據(jù)塊,用于FB或FC。S7 CPU還提供標準系統(tǒng)功能塊(SFB、SFC),它們是預先編好的,經(jīng)過測試后集成在S7 CPU中的功能程序庫。用戶可以直接調(diào)用它們,高效地編制自己的程序。由于它們是操作系統(tǒng)的一部分,因此不需將其作為用戶程序下載到PLC。與FB塊相似,SFB需要一個背景數(shù)據(jù)塊,并需將此DB塊作為程序的一部分安裝到CPU中。不同的CPU提供不同的SFB、SFC功能。
系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)塊(SDB)是為存放PLC參數(shù)所建立的系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)存儲區(qū)。用STEP 7的S7組態(tài)軟件可以將PLC組態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)和其它操作參數(shù)存放于SDB中。
功能塊編程及調(diào)用
功能塊由兩個主要部分組成:一部分是每個功能塊的變量聲明表,變量聲明表聲明此塊的局部數(shù)據(jù);另一部分是邏輯指令組成的程序,程序要用到變量聲明表中給出的局部數(shù)據(jù)。
當調(diào)用功能塊時,需提供塊執(zhí)行時要用到的數(shù)據(jù)或變量,也就是將外部數(shù)據(jù)傳遞給功能塊,這被稱為參數(shù)傳遞。參數(shù)傳遞的方式使得功能塊具有通用性,它可被其它的塊調(diào)用,以完成多個類似的控制任務。
1. 變量聲明表(局部數(shù)據(jù))
每個邏輯塊前部都有一個變量聲明表,在變量聲明表中定義邏輯塊用到的局部數(shù)據(jù)。局部數(shù)據(jù)分為參數(shù)和局部變量兩大類,局部變量又包括靜
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